S. African technology to reenergize nuclear power?Pebble Bed Modular Reactor design has nuclear proponents glowing with excitementJune 2, 2006 by CFACT
So what's so exciting about this, you may wonder? Well, according to Dr Kelvin Kemm, a nuclear physicist and business strategy consultant from Pretoria, South Africa, who's been a long-time CFACT spokesman, there's plenty to be radiant about regarding this new atomic power plant design. That's because this reactor, called the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), has not only garnered a lot of international attention lately, but if its proponents from South Africa are even half correct, it could literally revolutionize the entire nuclear power industry. As explained by Dr. Kemm during a series of CFACT-sponsored educational lectures around the U.S., the PBMR is intentionally designed to be small and to not use water as the coolant for the reactor core. The size of the reactor at 165 MW is quite modest when compared to a conventional large water-cooled nuclear reactor which can be up to 1000MW in size. According to Kemm, this is important for a number of reasons. The small PBMR power output means that small countries or even individual cities can buy their own nuclear power plants to match their specific power requirements. Furthermore the small size means that the magnitude of the financial decision required to embark on the construction of the power plant is not anywhere near as great as it would be for a conventional power plant, so the time to decision, and then the time to construction, would be short. However, the fact that PBMR can be so small doesn't mean there isn't also some good news in this technology for more developed nations too. That's because the PBMR system was not designed to exist as only a small unit -- the word "Modular" in its name means that up to ten reactors can be linked to a single control room, something like linking extra locomotives to a large train, but with only one driver. So in fact a PBMR system can also be large, but extra reactors can be added at intervals to suit the growth in electricity demand, or the availability of funds. This provides great flexibility to potential customers. Dr Kemm further explained the importance of the reactor being gas-cooled and not water-cooled. A major factor in gas cooling is that a PBMR cannot suffer the dreaded accident known in reactor circles as a LOCA (Loss Of Coolant Accident). In a conventional reactor, if for some reason a portion of the cooling water runs out of the core, the metal fuel assemblies can project out of the water and are then no longer adequately cooled. They can then melt, resulting in hot molten metal dropping into the remaining water, a real mess. In a PBMR this cannot happen. Furthermore the PBMR fuel does not consist of long metal assemblies, but rather, baseball-sized graphite balls each containing nine grams of Uranium in the form of grains the size of sugar grains. Each grain is individually coated in its own Silicon Carbide jacket. The fuel ball is something like a chocolate chip cookie, Dr Kemm explained. Such fuel is much easier to handle and store than the conventional long metal assemblies. In addition, the other major advantage of the gas-cooled reactor over its water-cooled counterpart is that it does not have to be sited next to a major body of water, such as the sea or large lake. Not only are coastlines frequently environmentally sensitive, but not having the limitation of the need for a large water source means that PBMRs can be sited near to where the electricity is needed. This has the double advantage of reducing the need for long overland power lines, which can look unsightly, and also reducing the cost of transporting the electricity. Another interesting factor of the PBMR is that it has been designed to be operated at a high temperature of about 1700 oF, which is three to four times higher than conventional reactors. This design decision has to do with the physics of the efficiency of energy transfer but it also turns out to be very useful for industrial process-heat requirements. President Bush has stated that he is in favour of smaller countries gaining access to nuclear power, and the South African Pebble Bed Reactor company has said that it intends to market its reactors to such countries, as well as to first world countries. In developing countries where infrastructure is itself still developing, Dr Kemm explained that it is easier for them to install a Pebble Bed Reactor than to build a coal-fired power station. The reason is that a coal-fired power station needs an operating coal mine and all the associated transport infrastructure that must operate continuously. If there is no coal mine, then coal must be transported long distances with a reliability and regularity that is daunting. In the case of the PBMR, a year's worth of fuel is already in the reactor, and more can easily be transported at a time that can be scheduled to be convenient. The South Africans developed their helium-cooled reactor technology as a result of an energy review carried out in the early 1990s. Their study showed that although they have huge reserves of coal, the coal is all clustered in two areas, which are already heavily populated with coal-fired power stations. Another factor was that South Africa does not have much inland water. South Africa does, however, have huge uranium deposits, so it was sensible to develop a small water-independent nuclear reactor. The technology is uniquely South African but they did use the gas-cooled reactor experience of experimental gas-cooled reactors developed in Germany and the US as far back as the 1960?s. The South African PBMR has been ten years in development, and South Africa now has the largest nuclear reactor design team in the world numbering some 2,000 people. They say their team is also the youngest team with many new graduates having decided to follow a nuclear career path. Finally regarding future prospects, the South Africans are of the opinion that there could be a larger market for PBMR reactors producing heat for industrial cycles than for reactors producing electricity. All in all, it sounds like quite an exciting possibility for a renaissance of nuclear power in energy-needy Africa, and around the world.
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